Transition dynamics of hybrid farmers: a survival analysis of exits and entries into full-time farming

Abstract

Using Swedish-matched employer-employee data from 2001 to 2018 and parametric survival analysis, we examine how the share of off-farm wage income affects survival time in the state of hybrid farming. We find a non-linear relationship between the share of off-farm wage income and the risk of exit; at lower levels, the share of off-farm wage income increases the risk of exiting agriculture completely and exiting from hybrid farming into full-time farming, while at higher levels it decreases the risk of exiting the hybrid state. This indicates that at higher levels of off-farm income, hybrid farming can be a stable state.

Keywords

hybrid farmers; off-farm wage income; farm survival; individual heterogeneity; Sweden

Published in

European Review of Agricultural Economics
2025, volume: 51, number: 5, pages: 1384–1409
Publisher: OXFORD UNIV PRESS

SLU Authors

• Johansson, Eleanor

  • Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
    
  • Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)

• Nilsson, Pia

  • Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
    
  • Research Institute of Industrial Economics (IFN)

• Hansson, Helena

  • Department of Economics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
    

UKÄ Subject classification

Agricultural Economics and Management and Rural development

Publication identifier

• DOI: https://doi.org/10.1093/erae/jbaf003

Permanent link to this page (URI)

https://res.slu.se/id/publ/140865