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Abstract

Background Lung auscultation is a common method for the routine diagnosis of calf bronchopneumonia. However, its repeatability among operators has been criticized. Objective Determine agreement among veterinarians for specific lung sounds after a short tutorial to standardize the definition of lung sounds. Animals Forty lung sounds from a larger dataset collected at 4 veal calf farms that housed 495-815 animals were submitted online to 10 different veterinarians. Methods After a short tutorial on lung sound auscultation, the raters were asked to detect the presence of any abnormal sounds and to differentiate among wheezes, crackles, and bronchial sounds. Raw percentage of agreement (PA), Gwet's agreement coefficient type 1 (AC1), Krippendorff's alpha (K-a), and Fleiss kappa (K-Fleiss) were chosen as agreement indicators in the absence of a gold standard indicator to assess agreement. The different indicators were interpreted based on a priori reported benchmarks. Results The agreements were fair to good for almost all lung sound indicators. For the presence of any abnormal lung sound, the reported agreements (95% confidence intervals [CI]) were 0.781 (0.716-0.845), 0.646 (0.514-0.777), 0.403 (0.351-0.455), and 0.293 (0.137-0.493) for PA, AC1, K-a, and K-Fleiss, respectively. The same indicators were 0.769 (0.694-0.845), 0.615 (0.446-0.784), 0.426 (0.378-0.475), and 0.425 (0.293-0.563) for wheezes, 0.754 (0.685-0.823), 0.643 (0.503-0.782), 0.21 (0.146-0.275), and 0.208 (0.097-0.327) for crackles, and 0.636 (0.571-0.701), 0.345 (0.179-0.512), 0.182 (0.131-0.232), and 0.18 (0.081-0.279) for bronchial sound detections, respectively. Conclusion and Clinical Importance Agreement among raters auscultating calf respiratory sounds was higher than previously reported. However, improvement is still possible to increase auscultation agreement.

Keywords

bovine respiratory disease; lung sound; pneumology; reliability

Published in

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine
2025, volume: 39, number: 5, article number: e70203
Publisher: WILEY

SLU Authors

UKÄ Subject classification

Clinical Science

Publication identifier

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jvim.70203

Permanent link to this page (URI)

https://res.slu.se/id/publ/143982