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Abstract

Terrestrial mammals are in many ways connected to water bodies, although studies on habitat selection within anthropogenic landscapes often overlook the importance of water. The recolonization of grey wolves, Canis lupus, across parts of Europe, together with developments in GPS technology, has offered opportunities to study detailed spatial movements of this large carnivore in human-influenced landscapes. Here, we investigated wolf use, habitat selection and step length in relation to water bodies in the boreal forest during winter. We hypothesized that wolves select for larger water bodies during ice periods and use them as travel corridors for efficient movement, similar to forest roads. We used step selection analyses with data from 71 GPS-collared adult wolves in 44 wolf territories in Scandinavia to investigate habitat selection in relation to water bodies, time of day and season. The study included >50 000 GPS positions taken at 4 h intervals between 2001 and 2023. Wolves selected for lakes and rivers during ice periods, especially at night, with step length increasing when travelling on ice. Deep snow generally impeded wolf step length, but not more on frozen water than in other habitats. These results indicate that wolves utilize frozen water bodies as travel corridors for easier mobility during winter, possibly to reduce human-encounter risk. Our findings emphasize the adaptability of wolves and, more generally, contribute to our understanding of mammalian movement patterns and space use in the boreal zone. (c) 2025 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Association for the Study of Animal Behaviour. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/ by/4.0/).

Keywords

frozen water body; habitat selection; riparian area; road; Scandinavia; step selection analysis

Published in

Animal Behaviour
2026, volume: 231, article number: 123401
Publisher: ACADEMIC PRESS LTD- ELSEVIER SCIENCE LTD

SLU Authors

UKÄ Subject classification

Ecology
Behavioral Sciences Biology

Publication identifier

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.anbehav.2025.123401

Permanent link to this page (URI)

https://res.slu.se/id/publ/145514