Abstract

Production and human consumption of pharmaceuticals result in contamination of surface waters worldwide. Little is known about the long-term (i.e., over decades) fate of pharmaceuticals in aquatic systems. Here, we show that the most prescribed anxiolytic in Sweden (oxazepam) persists in its therapeutic form for several decades after being deposited in a large freshwater lake. By comparing sediment cores collected in 1995 and 2013, we demonstrate that oxazepam inputs from the early 1970s remained in the sediments until sampling in 2013, despite in situ degradation processes and sediment diagenesis. In laboratory and pond experiments, we further reveal that therapeutic forms of oxazepam can persist over several months in cold (5 degrees C) lake water free from UV light. We conclude that oxazepam can persist in lakes over a time scale much longer than previously realized and that levels can build up in lakes due to both a legacy of past inputs and a growing urban population.

Published in

Environmental Science and Technology
2015, Volume: 49, number: 17, pages: 10406-10412 Publisher: AMER CHEMICAL SOC

UKÄ Subject classification

Environmental Sciences


Publication identifier

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.5b01968

Permanent link to this page (URI)

https://res.slu.se/id/publ/119882