Skip to main content
Research article - Peer-reviewed, 2023

PFAS in the Drinking Water Source: Analysis of the Contamination Levels, Origin and Emission Rates

Mussabek, Dauren; Soderman, Anna; Imura, Tomomi; Persson, Kenneth M.; Nakagawa, Kei; Ahrens, Lutz; Berndtsson, Ronny

Abstract

Groundwater contamination caused by the use of the aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) containing per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) was investigated in southern Sweden. sigma PFAS concentrations in groundwater ranged between 20 and 20,000 ng L-1; PFAS composition was primarily represented by PFOS and PFHxS. The PFAS chain length was suggested to have an impact on the contaminant distribution and transport in the groundwater. PFAS profiling showed that the use of PFSAs- and PFCAs/FTSAs-based PFAS-AFFF can be a contributor to PFAS contamination of the drinking water source (groundwater). PFAS emission was connected to PFAS-AFFF use during the fire-training and fire-fighting equipment tests at the studied location. PFAS emission per individual fire training was (semi-quantitatively) estimated as [1.4 < 11.5 +/- 5.7 < 43.7 kg] (n = 20,000). The annual emission estimates varied as [11 < 401 +/- 233 < 1125 kg yr(-1)] (n = 1005) considering possible [2 < 35 +/- 20 < 96] individual fire-training sessions per year.

Keywords

AFFF; PFAS; groundwater

Published in

Water
2023, volume: 15, number: 1, article number: 137
Publisher: MDPI

Authors' information

Mussabek, Dauren
Lund University
Mussabek, Dauren
Nagasaki University
Soderman, Anna
Lund University
Imura, Tomomi
Nagasaki University
Persson, Kenneth M.
Lund University
Nakagawa, Kei
Nagasaki University
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment
Berndtsson, Ronny
Lund University

Sustainable Development Goals

SDG6 Clean water and sanitation

UKÄ Subject classification

Environmental Sciences
Oceanography, Hydrology, Water Resources

Publication Identifiers

DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/w15010137

URI (permanent link to this page)

https://res.slu.se/id/publ/120967