Persson, Ingmar
- Department of Molecular Sciences, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
Research article2024Peer reviewedOpen access
Persson, Ingmar
The structures of nine hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution have been redetermined by large angle X-ray scattering to obtain experimental data of better quality than those reported 40-50 years ago. Accurate M-OI and M-(OI-H)& ctdot;OII distances and M-OI(H)& ctdot;OII bond angles are reported for the hydrated magnesium(ii), aluminium(iii), manganese(ii), iron(ii), iron(iii), cobalt(ii), nickel(ii), copper(ii) and zinc(ii) ions; the subscripts I and II denote oxygen atoms in the first and second hydration sphere, respectively. Reported structures of hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution are summarized and evaluated with emphasis on a possible relationship between M-OI-OII bond angles and bonding character. Metal ions with high charge density have M-OI-OII bond angles close to 120 degrees, indicative of a mainly electrostatic interaction with the oxygen atom in the water molecule in the first hydration shell. Metal ions forming bonds with a significant covalent contribution, as e.g. mercury(ii) and tin(ii), have M-OI-OII bond angles close to 109.5 degrees. This implies that they bind to one of the free electron pairs in the water molecule. Comparison of M-O bond distances of hydrated metal ions in the solid state with one hydration shell, and in aqueous solution with in most cases at least two hydration shells, shows no significant differences. On the other hand, the X-O bond distance in hydrated oxoanions increases by ca. 0.02 & Aring; in aqueous solution in comparison with the corresponding X-O distance in the solid state. A linear correlation is observed between volume, calculated from the van der Waals radius of the hydrated ion, and the ionic diffusion coefficient in aqueous solution. This correlation strongly indicates that monovalent metal ions, except lithium and silver(i), and singly-charged monovalent oxoanions have a single hydration shell. Divalent metal ions, bismuth(iii) and the lanthanoid(iii) and actinoid(iii) ions have two hydration shells. Trivalent transition and tetravalent metal ions have two full hydration shells and portion of a third one. Doubly charged oxoanions have one well-defined hydration shell and an ill-defined second one.The structure and size of hydrated metal ions and inorganic anions in aqueous solution are determined and discussed.
Dalton Transactions
2024, Publisher: ROYAL SOC CHEMISTRY
Inorganic Chemistry
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1039/d4dt01449a
https://res.slu.se/id/publ/132400