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Research article2015Peer reviewedOpen access

Evolutionary Consequences of DNA Methylation on the GC Content in Vertebrate Genomes

Mugal, Carina F; Arndt, Peter F; Holm, Lena; Ellegren, Hans

Abstract

The genomes of many vertebrates show a characteristic variation in GC content. To explain its origin and evolution, mainly three mechanisms have been proposed: selection for GC content, mutation bias, and GC-biased gene conversion. At present, the mechanism of GC-biased gene conversion, i.e., short-scale, unidirectional exchanges between homologous chromosomes in the neighborhood of recombination-initiating double-strand breaks in favor for GC nucleotides, is the most widely accepted hypothesis. We here suggest that DNA methylation also plays an important role in the evolution of GC content in vertebrate genomes. To test this hypothesis, we investigated one mammalian (human) and one avian (chicken) genome. We used bisulfite sequencing to generate a whole-genome methylation map of chicken sperm and made use of a publicly available whole-genome methylation map of human sperm. Inclusion of these methylation maps into a model of GC content evolution provided significant support for the impact of DNA methylation on the local equilibrium GC content. Moreover, two different estimates of equilibrium GC content, one that neglects and one that incorporates the impact of DNA methylation and the concomitant CpG hypermutability, give estimates that differ by approximately 15% in both genomes, arguing for a strong impact of DNA methylation on the evolution of GC content. Thus, our results put forward that previous estimates of equilibrium GC content, which neglect the hypermutability of CpG dinucleotides, need to be reevaluated.

Keywords

DNA methylation; CpG hypermutability; GC isochores; GC content; GC-biased gene conversion

Published in

G3
2015, Volume: 5, number: 3, pages: 441-447 Publisher: GENETICS SOCIETY AMERICA

      SLU Authors

      UKÄ Subject classification

      Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
      Genetics
      Evolutionary Biology

      Publication identifier

      DOI: https://doi.org/10.1534/g3.114.015545

      Permanent link to this page (URI)

      https://res.slu.se/id/publ/76120