Abstract

Agricultural intensification not only increases food production but also drives widespread biodiversity decline. Increasing landscape heterogeneity has been suggested to increase biodiversity across habitats, while increasing crop heterogeneity may support biodiversity within agroecosystems. These spatial heterogeneity effects can be partitioned into compositional (land-cover type diversity) and configurational heterogeneity (land-cover type arrangement), measured either for the crop mosaic or across the landscape for both crops and semi-natural habitats. However, studies have reported mixed responses of biodiversity to increases in these heterogeneity components across taxa and contexts. Our meta-analysis covering 6397 fields across 122 studies conducted in Asia, Europe, North and South America reveals consistently positive effects of crop and landscape heterogeneity, as well as compositional and configurational heterogeneity for plant, invertebrate, vertebrate, pollinator and predator biodiversity. Vertebrates and plants benefit more from landscape heterogeneity, while invertebrates derive similar benefits from both crop and landscape heterogeneity. Pollinators benefit more from configurational heterogeneity, but predators favour compositional heterogeneity. These positive effects are consistent for invertebrates and vertebrates in both tropical/subtropical and temperate agroecosystems, and in annual and perennial cropping systems, and at small to large spatial scales. Our results suggest that promoting increased landscape heterogeneity by diversifying crops and semi-natural habitats, as suggested in the current UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration, is key for restoring biodiversity in agricultural landscapes.We demonstrate overall positive effects of crop and landscape compositional and configurational heterogeneity on alpha-level biodiversity (total abundance, species richness or Shannon diversity) for plants, invertebrates, vertebrates, pollinators and predators on a global scale. We also show that the positive effects of these heterogeneity components are consistent for invertebrates and vertebrates in both tropical/subtropical and temperate agroecosystems, and in annual and perennial cropping systems and at small to large spatial scales. These results suggest that small structural adjustments in compositional and configurational heterogeneity compatible with commercial farming systems (averaging 75% cropped area) can provide significant benefits for native biodiversity.image

Keywords

agroecology; biodiversity-friendly farming; compositional and configurational heterogeneity; crop diversity; edge density; field margins; landscape diversity; landscape ecology; pollinators; predators

Published in

Ecology Letters
2024, Volume: 27, number: 3, article number: e14412
Publisher: WILEY

SLU Authors

• Raderschall, Chloë

  • Department of Plant Protection Biology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences
    

UKÄ Subject classification

Ecology


Publication identifier

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/ele.14412

Permanent link to this page (URI)

https://res.slu.se/id/publ/129338