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Sammanfattning

A method for effect-directed analysis (EDA) was developed using the novel technique of high-throughput fractionation in combination with ultra-high pressure liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry (UPLC-HRMS) and a bioassay battery targeting four different endpoints. The endpoints included the estrogen receptor (ER), androgen receptor (AR), aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). The EDA method was applied to wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent, urban snow, and commercial bottled water to identify potential toxic drivers. Additionally, the currently achievable harmonisation of suspect screening and non-target screening of fish biota was investigated in an interlaboratory study across 16 laboratories using both liquid chromatography (LC)-HRMS and gas chromatography (GC)-HRMS. Estrogenic activity was detected for WWTP effluent and one urban snow sample originating from an artificial football field. The sources of the activity could only be suggested with limited certainty, underscoring the need for higher sensitivity of HRMS methods in EDA. AhR activity was detected for the WWTP effluent and two urban snow samples, and Nrf2 activity was found only in the WWTP effluent. However, upon fractionation both the AhR and Nrf2 activities were lost. Of compounds identified with greater confidence in WWTP effluent, 60 % were detected downstream of the effluent discharge point, while <1 % were detected upstream, highlighting the substantial impact of WWTP effluent on the micropollutant load of receiving waters.

The interlaboratory study on fish biota showed that there was a large variation between target, suspect and non-target screening results across participating laboratories. The differences seemed to be unrelated to sample preparation method, but instead be due to differences in HRMS workflow strategies. Further harmonisation efforts are necessary to improve comparability and reliability in future screenings.

Nyckelord

Effect-directed analysis; high-resolution mass spectrometry; highthroughput fractionation; suspect screening; wastewater treatment plant effluent; urban snow; bottled water; whole fish tissue

Publicerad i

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae
2025, nummer: 2025:73
Utgivare: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

SLU författare

UKÄ forskningsämne

Oceanografi, hydrologi, vattenresurser
Miljövetenskap

Publikationens identifierare

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.54612/a.5uaek3dad6
  • ISBN: 978-91-8124-057-3
  • eISBN: 978-91-8124-103-7

Permanent länk till denna sida (URI)

https://res.slu.se/id/publ/142474