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Sammanfattning

Urinary analytes can act as biomarkers and indicate renal tubular injury before elevations in traditional markers of decreased glomerular filtration rate, such as serum creatinine and SDMA (symmetric dimethyl arginine), occur. Acute kidney injury (AKI) in dogs has a mortality rate of up to 50%, and early detection may allow treatment before irreversible damage. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is often diagnosed late, but early-stage diagnosis enables interventions that may slow progression. Knowledge about urinary biomarkers in healthy dogs, dogs in various stages of CKD, and grades of AKI, is needed.

Overall aim of this thesis was to study biological variation and reference intervals of urinary analytes in healthy dogs (Study I), investigate selected urinary analytes in dogs at various stages of CKD (Study II) and in dogs with, or at risk for, AKI (Study III). Healthy privately owned dogs and dogs presented to referral veterinary hospitals in Uppsala and Stockholm were included. Studied urinary analytes were urinary cystatin C (uCysC), gamma-glutamyl transferase (uGGT), N-acetyl-β-Dglucosaminidase (uNAG), glucose, urea, and electrolytes, all measurable with standard biochemical analyzers. Urinary analytes were normalized to urinary creatinine (uCr), and fractional excretion (FE) of electrolytes calculated.

The results provide data on biological variation and reference intervals (Study I). Urinary CysC/uCr increased with IRIS stage, and uCysC/uCr and uGGT/uCr were higher in dogs with early-stage CKD compared to healthy dogs (Study II). In Study III, uCysC/uCr, uGlu/uCr, and uGGT/uCr were markedly increased in the dogs with clinically apparent AKI. These analytes were also higher in the groups with critically ill and snake envenomated dogs compared to healthy dogs, suggesting non-azotemic tubular injury. In conclusion, uCysC/uCr, uGlu/uCr, and uGGT/uCr show promise as early markers of AKI and CKD in dogs.

Nyckelord

AKI; biological variation; canine; CKD; cystatin C; gamma-glutamyl transferas (GGT); glucose; international renal interest society (IRIS); N-acetyl-β-Dglucosaminidase (NAG)

Publicerad i

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae
2025, nummer: 2025:80
Utgivare: Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences

SLU författare

UKÄ forskningsämne

Klinisk vetenskap

Publikationens identifierare

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.54612/a.67l6lar7q3
  • ISBN: 978-91-8124-064-1
  • eISBN: 978-91-8124-110-5

Permanent länk till denna sida (URI)

https://res.slu.se/id/publ/142481