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Research article - Peer-reviewed, 2021

The 4C Approach as a way to understand species interactions determining intercropping productivity

Justes, Eric; Bedoussac, Laurent; Dordas, Christos ; Frak, Ela; Louarn, Gaetan; Boudsocq, Simon; Journet, Etienne-Pascal; Lithourgidis, Anastasios; Pankou, Chrysanthi; Zhang, Chaochun; Carlsson, Georg; Jensen, Erik Steen; Watson, Christine; Li, Long

Abstract

Modern agriculture needs to develop transition pathways toward agroecological, resilient and sustainable farming systems. One key pathway for such agroecological intensification is the diversification of cropping systems using intercropping and notably cereal-grain legume mixtures. Such mixtures or intercrops have the potential to increase and stabilize yields and improve cereal grain protein concentration in comparison to sole crops. Species mixtures are complex and the 4C approach is both a pedagogical and scientific way to represent the combination of four joint effects of Competition, Complementarity, Cooperation, and Compensation as processes or effects occurring simultaneously and dynamically between species over the whole cropping cycle. Competition is when plants have fairly similar requirements for abiotic resources in space and time, the result of all processes that occur when one species has a greater ability to use limiting resources (e.g., nutrients, water, space, light) than others. Complementarity is when plants grown together have different requirements for abiotic resources in space, time or form. Cooperation is when the modification of the environment by one species is beneficial to the other(s). Compensation is when the failure of one species is compensated by the other(s) because they differ in their sensitivity to abiotic stress. The 4C approach allows to assess the performance of arable intercropping versus classical sole cropping through understanding the use of abiotic resources.

Keywords

compensation; competition; complementarity; cooperation; interspecific interactions; land equivalent ratio; light; nutrients; species mixtures; water

Published in

Frontiers of Agricultural Science and Engineering
2021, volume: 8, number: 3, pages: 387-399

Authors' information

Justes, Eric
CIRAD
Bedoussac, Laurent
INRAE
Dordas, Christos
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Frak, Ela
National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE)
Louarn, Gaetan
INRAE
Boudsocq, Simon
National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE)
Journet, Etienne-Pascal
National Research Institute for Agriculture, Food and Environment (INRAE)
Lithourgidis, Anastasios
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Pankou, Chrysanthi
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki
Zhang, Chaochun
China Agricultural University
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Technology
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Biosystems and Technology
Scotland's Rural College (SRUC)
Li, Long
China Agricultural University

UKÄ Subject classification

Agricultural Science

Publication Identifiers

DOI: https://doi.org/10.15302/J-FASE-2021414

URI (permanent link to this page)

https://res.slu.se/id/publ/114449